Differenze tra le versioni di "Celluloid"

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[[Image:Vacumatic-FirstSeries-Capped.jpg|thumb|A [[Vacumatic]] with a very tansparent celluloid]]
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#REDIRECT[[Celluloide/en]]
  
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<includeonly>[[Celluloid]]</includeonly><noinclude>Celluloid</noinclude> is a <includeonly>material</includeonly><noinclude>[[materials|material]]</noinclude> invented around 1863,<ref>the invention is attributed to John Wesley Hyatt, but there are several predecessors (its origins date back to the work of Alexander Parker in England); also the exact date of its origin is uncertain, as usual you can see details in the Wikipedia [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celluloid page] on celluloid.</ref> produced from the processing of nitrocellulose and pigments in a solution of camphor and ethyl alcohol. The material when heated (about 60°) becomes malleable and may be bent and also molded; for this is considered as the first thermoplastic resin produced.
 
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Celluloid is an elastic material and it is shatterproof, shock resistant and waterproof. Its origin stems from the search for a replacement for billiard balls production, but was soon used for many other applications, such as combs, knife handles, and especially as support for photographic film. Today, apart from some fountain pens, is used for ping pong balls and guitar picks.
 
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Celluloid can be a very durable material, but it requires a rather lengthy process in particular for drying that allows you to remove residual moisture from the material. If this does not happen in fact it can give undergo a crystallization, becoming extremely fragile. Another common problem with celluloid pens is the discoloration, present mainly in the lighter colors such as pearl or jade green; this is typically due to the release of sulphurous gases from the rubber sacs. Furthermore, the celluloid is extremely flammable, and is not the case to heat a celluloid made pen with an open flame.
 
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The celluloid name was the trade name given to this material from the first producer, the ''Celluloid Manufacturing Company'', which held its trademark rights; so in the following years it was called, especially by fountain pens manufacturers, in many different ways: ''[[Radite]]'' by [[Sheaffer]], ''[[Permanite]]'' by [[Parker]], ''[[Pyroxalin]]'' by [[Eversharp]], ''[[Aurolite]]'' from [[Aurora]], ''[[Coralite]]'' by [[Carter]] ...
 
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In addition to the direct use, celluloid lends itself to combination with other materials, in particular [[Carter]] realized a characteristic iridescent material, named [[Pearltex]], combining the celluloid with nacre. A similar effect is in celluloid called ''[[Abalone]]'' by [[Sheaffer]].
 
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[[File:Aurora-Internazionale-Serie-Color-Body.jpg|thumb|left|Example of different colors]]
 
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For its mechanical strength, unbreakable, waterproof, for ease of processing and above all for the almost infinite capacity of beeing made in different colors, from the mid '20s celluloid became the main material used by fountain pens manufacturers and it remained so until the '40s when the [[plastic resins]] started to spread.
 
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Although some book reports that the celluloid was introduced on the market by [[Sheaffer]] actually the first American company to have used it extensively in its production was [[LeBoeuf]], who used it for its fountain pen starting from about 1920 thanks to a patent ({{Cite patent|US|1302935}}) for the production of pipes in this material, the [[Conway Stewart]] contends  this leadership, asserting that they were the first manufacturer to have produced (still in those years) the first pen in celluloid.
 
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In fact, there are references to the production of celluloid pens up since 1905<ref>David Nishimura in [http://www.fountainpennetwork.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=136998&st=0&gopid=1360934&#entry1360934 this discussion] refers to a 1905 article that speaks of (black) celluloid pens.</ref> but in this case it is still black celluloid, and not the one made in multiple colors and patterns which will become the most significant material from the second half of the '20s.
 
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== Notes ==
 
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<references/>
 
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== External references ==
 
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* [http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/cellulose_ethers.html] Evaluation of Cellulose Ethers for Conservation
 
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* [http://pickcollecting.presspublisher.us/issue/summer-2010/article/pick-degradation] On picks degradation
 
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* [http://cool.conservation-us.org/jaic/articles/jaic30-02-003_3.html] Celluloid objects: their chemistry and preservation
 
 
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