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<noinclude></noinclude>''Hardtmuth'' (or ''"L & C Hardtmuth"''), more commonly known as ''"[[Koh-i-Noor]] Hardtmudt"'', is a historic producer of pencils and office supplies that was founded in [[1790]] by ''Joseph Hardtmudt'' in Vienna as an earthenware factory, which in [[1802]] patented a pencil made of clay and coal.<ref>although the successors of the American subsidiary proclaim on [https://www.kohinoorusa.com/about their site] inventors of the first graphite mine, the record belongs to [[Conté]] with a patent dated [[1785]].</ref> Established in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, in [[1848]] the factory was transferred by the sons of the founder from Vienna to České Budějovice, currently in the Czech Republic. The company introduced in [[1889]] the line of pencils ''"Koh-i-Noor"'', called by the same name of the famous diamond to magnify their quality. To distinguish them, they were painted in yellow, a color that from then has become a classic for pencils.  

<noinclude></noinclude>''Hardtmuth'' (or ''"L & C Hardtmuth"''), more commonly known as ''"[[Koh-i-Noor]] Hardtmudt"'', is a historic producer of pencils and office supplies that was founded in [[1790]] by ''Joseph Hardtmudt'' in Vienna as an earthenware factory, which in [[1802]] patented a pencil made of clay and coal.<ref>although the successors of the American subsidiary proclaim on [https://www.kohinoorusa.com/about their site] inventors of the first graphite mine, the record belongs to [[Conté]] with a patent dated [[1785]].</ref> Established in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, in [[1848]] the factory was transferred by the sons of the founder from Vienna to České Budějovice, currently in the Czech Republic. The company introduced in [[1889]] the line of pencils ''"Koh-i-Noor"'', called by the same name of the famous diamond to magnify their quality. To distinguish them, they were painted in yellow, a color that from then has become a classic for pencils.  

The ''Koh-i-Noor'' brand became the hallmark of the company, that with [[Faber Castell]] was one of the leading European pencils producers and is still on the market in the field of stationery and drawing tools. In [[1919]] the American branch was opened in Bloomsbury, New Jersey, and in [[1931]] factories in Poland and Romania were opened in cooperation with the then [[Johan Faber A. G.|Johann Faber]].<ref>according to [https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org. uk/people/cp118887/l-c-hardtmuth this] reference.</ref>After World War II the factories in the eastern countries (Poland, Romania and Czechoslovakia) were nationalized, while the American subsidiary separated from the parent company, becoming ''"Koh-i-noor USA"''. Only the Austrian company retained its original ownership. In [[1957]] the [[Rotring|Riepe Works]] ceded to the ''"Koh-i-noor USA"'' the rights to the {{Cite patent|US|3020884}} of the ''"Rapidograph"''. To date, the European rights for the ''"L&C Hardtmuth"'' and ''"Koh-I-Noor"'' trademarks are held by ''"Crayomine"'', founded in [[1960]] in Vaduz.

The ''Koh-i-Noor'' brand became the hallmark of the company, that with [[Faber Castell]] was one of the leading European pencils producers and is still on the market in the field of stationery and drawing tools. In [[1919]] the American branch was opened in Bloomsbury, New Jersey, and in [[1931]] factories in Poland and Romania were opened in cooperation with the then [[Johan Faber A. G.|Johann Faber]].<ref>according to [https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/people/cp118887/l-c-hardtmuth this reference].</ref>After World War II the factories in the eastern countries (Poland, Romania and Czechoslovakia) were nationalized, while the American subsidiary separated from the parent company, becoming ''"Koh-i-noor USA"''. Only the Austrian company retained its original ownership. In [[1957]] the [[Rotring|Riepe Works]] ceded to the ''"Koh-i-noor USA"'' the rights to the {{Cite patent|US|3020884}} of the ''"Rapidograph"''. To date, the European rights for the ''"L&C Hardtmuth"'' and ''"Koh-I-Noor"'' trademarks are held by ''"Crayomine"'', founded in [[1960]] in Vaduz.

The company's activities in the fountain pen market derive mainly from the marketing of pens produced by others; in particular it marketed [[Waterman]] throughout Europe, for which they were the official agent until World War I. But sometimes there was also a marketing of own-brand fountain pens. Not many details are known about the company's own productions, although there are some advertisements around the 1930s that show own-branded ones but about which very little is known, and there is evidence of relations with the [[Union Vulpenhouderfabriek]] in the 1950s.<ref>like the one illustrated in [https://forum.fountainpen.it/viewtopic.php?t=32006 this presentation] on the Italian forum.</ref>

The company's activities in the fountain pen market derive mainly from the marketing of pens produced by others; in particular it marketed [[Waterman]] throughout Europe, for which they were the official agent until World War I. But sometimes there was also a marketing of own-brand fountain pens. Not many details are known about the company's own productions, although there are some advertisements around the 1930s that show own-branded ones but about which very little is known, and there is evidence of relations with the [[Union Vulpenhouderfabriek]] in the 1950s.<ref>like the one illustrated in [https://forum.fountainpen.it/viewtopic.php?t=32006 this presentation] on the Italian forum.</ref>