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contributi
Modifiche
mRiga 1:
Riga 1: − + + − + + − Although the company always produced good quality fountain pens, [[Parker]] golden age goes from the '20s to '60s, when the company has distinguished itself for its great innovation capacity, obtaining always strong success. Thanks also to the creation of a vast network of branch offices (Canada, England, Denmark, France, Mexico, and Argentina), the company always maintained top rankings in worldwide sales of fountain pens, and was successful also in the ballpoint pen era. Together with [[Sheaffer]], [[Waterman]] and [[Wahl-Eversharp]] is a recognized member of the [[Big Four]]. + − == History ==+ − + − [[Image:Parker-Overlay-Eyedropper-LuckyCurve-Open.jpg|thumb|Early ''[[Lucky Curve]]'']]+ − He obtained his first patent ({{Cite patent|US|293545}}) in 1889, and a subsequent patent ({{Cite patent|US|512319}}) in 1894 for his special ''[[Lucky Curve]]'' feeder, which went back inside the pen with a special curved shape that is claimed to be able to call back the excess ink when the pen was not in use. In 1891 ''George Parker'' associated with ''W. F. Palmer'', an insurer and they incorporated ''The Parker Pen Company'' in Janesville.+ − In fact, the ''"[[Lucky Curve]]"'' was simply a good feeder, which remained in production until 1928, and was used as a trademark for a number of pens, but there are doubts that the curved form actually had the effect to avoid the accumulation of ink, because much repairers cutted it, because the curved part makes it difficult to reinsert it between the nib and section.+ − − [[Image:Parker-Snake-Capped.jpg|thumb|A rare [[Parker Snake]] ]] − − − + − Il successo della [[Duofold]], nonostante il suo prezzo (10 dollari) fosse elevato per l'epoca, proseguì per oltre un decennio, in cui i modelli vennero rivisti più volte, adeguandoli alla introduzione di nuovi materiali come la celluloide o alla moda delle forme affusolate con i modelli ''[[Streamlined]]''. Nel 1923 venne aperto un impianto in Canada, e venne introdotto il modello da donna [[Duofold|Lady Duofold]]. Nel 1926 anche la [[Parker]] iniziò a passare la produzione dall'ebanite alla celluloide.+ − Nel 1926 venne anche introdotto un modello economico, la [[Duofold|Parker DQ]], da ''Duofold Quality''.+ − Nel 1927 l'azienda introdusse i modelli [[Pastel]] in colori pastello come alternativa al modello [[Duofold]] da signora venduto ad un prezzo minore, ma con l'arrivo della grande depressione l'azienda si trovò ad affrontare un periodo critico. − Nel 1929 i profitti che fino allora erano stati enormi subirono un ripido crollo, molti produttori fallirono ed altri si ritrovarono a svendere le proprie penne. La [[Parker]] che aveva impiegato anni a stabilire il suo marchio decise di non svalutare le sue penne e mantenne i prezzi elevati per la [[Duofold]], per rispondere alla concorrenza però nel 1932 introdusse sul mercato anche una serie di modelli economici, di tipo scolastico, per i quali non fece nessuna pubblicità. Questi modelli non ebbero assegnato un nome e vengono usualmente indicati dai collezionisti come [[Thrift Time]], o ''[[Parker depression pen|depression pen]]''.+ − + − L'azienda comunque, avendo saggiamente accumulato riserve nel periodo di boom, non smise mai di investire in ricerca, sperimentando nuovi materiali e nuovi sistemi di caricamento, fino ad arrivare alla realizzazione, nel 1933, della splendida [[Vacumatic]], con la clip a freccia disegnata dal ''Joseph Platt'', che da allora è diventata il simbolo dell'azienda, e dotata di un serbatoio trasparente grazie al particolarissimo [[Sistemi di caricamento#vacumatic|omomimo meccanismo di caricamento]], che riportò l'azienda ai vertici del mercato.+ − Nel 1939 (o nel 1940), seguendo una tendenza inaugurata dalla [[Sheaffer]] con il suo ''[[White dot]]'' e seguita poi da altre marche, anche la [[Parker]] adottò un simbolo per indicare la garanzia a vita, ponendo in testa alla clip delle proprie penne il ''[[Blue diamond]]'', un piccolo rombo smaltato in blu. A differenza di quanto accaduto per le altre marche il simbolo fu introdotto in ritardo ed ebbe vita relativamente breve, andando a sparire dopo alcuni anni.+ − Nonostante i grandi successi ottenuti e la buona qualità tecnica delle sue penne, la [[Parker]] continuò ad investire molto in ricerca ed innovazione, e nel 1941 introdusse un modello rivoluzionario, la [[51]], prima stilografica realizzata in resina plastica (chiamata ''[[Lucite]]''), con il caratteristico [[pennino coperto]], necessario per l'uso di un nuovo inchiostro ad essiccamento rapido (il ''Superchrome Ink'') che tendeva a degradare la celluloide. La penna, benché a posteriori non possa essere considerata particolarmente bella, e nonostante fosse costruita in ordinario materiale plastico, ebbe un successo straordinario, e costituisce il modello di stilografica più venduto di tutti i tempi.+ − − La [[51]] conobbe negli anni successivi una serie di modifiche, come il passaggio nel 1948 al sistema di caricamento denominato [[Caricamento#aerometric|aerometric]], alla realizzazione di diverse versioni, comprese alcune di lusso in metalli preziosi, o con particolari lavorazioni del cappuccio metallico. Alcune di queste sono estremamente rare e molto ricercate dai collezionisti. − Negli anni seguenti la [[Parker]] proseguì con l'introduzione di nuovi modelli e nuove tecnologie, con il particolarissimo caricamento a capillarità della [[61]], o la realizzazione della [[T1]] in titanio, rimanendo nel mercato della penna stilografica con modelli di lusso ed economici, ed al contempo ottenendo grandi successi anche nella produzione delle nuove penne a sfera. + − La [[Parker]] è rimasta sempre attiva sul mercato delle penne, anche se a partire dal 1976 l'azienda otteneva più profitti dell'agenzia di lavoro temporaneo Manpower che dalla vendita di penne. Nel 1993 l'azienda venne acquisita dalla [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillette_Company Gillette Company], che già possedeva la PaperMate. Nel 2000 la Gillette cedette la divisione strumenti di scrittura alla [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newell_Rubbermaid Newell Rubbermaid], che già possedeva la [[Waterman]].+ − {{CronoMarche}}+ − |- − | 1889 || Nascita della [[Parker]] − |- − | 1891 || La [[Parker]] diventa società di capitali con il nome di ''The Parker Pen Company'' − |- − | 1894 || Ottenuto il brevetto per l'alimentatore ''[[Lucky Curve]]'' ({{Cite patent|US|512319}}) − |- − | 1898 || Brevettato il cappuccio ''slip-on'' − |- − | 1899 || Brevettata la [[Jointless Pen]] − |- − | 1900 || Introdotte le [[Lucky Curve]] con rivestimento ''gold filigree'' − |- − | 1904 || Introdotto un primo caricamento a compressione di un sacchetto di gomma − |- − | 1905 || Viene brevettato l'alimentatore ''[[spear-head]]'' − |- − | 1907 || Creati i modelli [[Parker Snake|Snake]] in argento ed oro − |- − | 1911 || Brevettato un alimentatore ''[[Lucky Curve]]'' perfezionato ({{Cite patent|US|990288}}) − |- − | 1912 || Introdotto il modello [[Jack Knife]] (a cappuccio di sicurezza) − |- − | 1913 || Introdotto un anello d'oro in testa ai cappucci dei modelli da donna − |- − | 1913 || Introdotto il caricamento a [[pulsante di fondo]] − |- − | 1914 || Introdotti i modelli [[Parker Giant|Black Giant]] e [[Parker Giant|RedGiant]] − |- − | 1916 || Brevettato il fermaglio ''[[washer clip]]'' ({{Cite patent|US|1197224}}) − |- − | 1917 || Prodotta per conto del dipartimento della difesa la [[Trench Pen]] per i soldati al fronte − |- − | 1920 || Prodotta la prima matita meccanica − |- − | 1921 || Introdotto il modello [[Duofold]] − |- − | 1922 || Aggiunti i modelli ''Lady'' e ''Junior'' alla linea [[Duofold]] − |- − | 1926 || Introdotti i modelli in celluloide (''Unbreakable'') della [[Duofold]] − |- − | 1927 || Introdotti i modelli [[Pastel]] in [[caseina]] − |- − | 1928 || Introdotto il modello ''Three-Fifty'', più comunemente noto come [[True Blue]] − |- − | 1930 || Introdotto il modello [[Duette]] ''[[Vest pocket]]'' − |- − | 1929 || Introdotti i modelli ''[[Streamlined]]'' della [[Duofold]] − |- − | 1929 || Viene dismesso il modello [[True Blue]] − |- − | 1931 || Introdotto l'inchiostro ''Quink'' − |- − | 1932 || Introdotta la serie [[Thrift Time]] − |- − | 1933 || Introdotto il modello [[Vacumatic]] e la clip a freccia − |- − | 1933 || Dismessa la serie [[Thrift Time]] − |- − | 1935 || Introdotta la linea [[Parkette]] − |- − | 1936 || Introdotto il modello [[Challenger]] − |- − | 1936 || Introdotto il modello [[Vacumatic Golden Web|Golden Web]] − |- − | 1937 || Introdotte le versioni ''Speedline'' della [[Vacumatic]] − |- − | 1937 || Introdotte le versioni ''Shadowave'' della [[Vacumatic]] − |- − | 1939 || Introdotto il modello [[Duofold Geometric]] (detto anche ''[[Toothbrush]]'') − |- − | 1939 || Dismesse le linee [[Parkette]] e [[Challenger]] − |- − | 1940 || Introdotto il ''Blue Diamond'' come indice di garanzia a vita (o 1939?) − |- − | 1940 || Introdotto il modello [[Laidtone Duofold]], (dette anche ''striped'') − |- − | 1941 || Introdotto il modello [[51]] − |- − | 1946 || Introdotto il caricamento ''[[Red band filler]]'' sulla [[51]] − |- − | 1947 || Introdotto il modello [[VS]], le [[51]] ''Demi'' e la nuova clip e dismesso il ''[[Red band filler]]'' − |- − | 1948 || Introdotto il modello [[21]], il caricamento [[Caricamento#aerometric|aerometric]] sulla [[51]] e dismesse [[Vacumatic]] e [[Laidtone Duofold]] − |- − | 1950 || Introdotto il modello [[41]] − |- − | 1951 || Dismesso il modello [[41]] e la stampigliatura della data sulle [[51]] prodotte in USA − |- − | 1953 || Dismessa la stampigliatura della data sulle [[51]] prodotte fuori dagli USA − |- − | 1954 || Introdotta la penna a sfera ''Jotter'' e la stampigliatura ''Made in USA'' sul cappuccio della [[51]] − |- − | 1956 || Introdotto il modello [[61]] e dismesso il ''Superchrome Ink'' (e relativi riferimenti) − |- − | 1960 || Introdotto il modello [[45]] − |- − | 1962 || Introdotto il modello [[VP]] − |- − | 1963 || Introdotto il modello [[75]] − |- − | 1970 || Introdotto il modello [[T1]] in titanio − |- − |} − <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">+ − − |- − | [[Duofold]] || 1921- || − |- − |} − </span> − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − * http://www.parkerpens.org + − * http://www.penhero.com/PenGallery/Parker/Parker.htm − * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Parker_Pen_Company − * http://parkercollector.com/ − * http://www.vacumania.com/ − * http://www.rickconner.net/penspotters/parker.html − * http://www.rickconner.net/penoply/park.0.html − * http://www.sovereign-publications.com/parkerpen.htm − * http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T9hOhAXaFp4&feature=related − * http://www.parkerpen.com − * http://www.mkpens.co.uk/parker_duofold_profile.htm − * http://stylosparker.over-blog.com/ − * http://www.atquid.com/viewArticle.php?article_id=53&title=The_Parker_Pen_Company
nessun oggetto della modifica
[[Image:Logo-Parker.svg|center|300px|Logo Parker]]
{{DEFAULTCATEGORYSORT:Parker}}[[Image:Logo-Parker.svg|center|300px|Parker Logo]]
[[Parker]] is one of the few American historical fountain pens brand remained continuously active to this day. ''The Parker Pen Company'' was founded by ''George Safford Parker'' in 1888 in Janesville, Wisconsin. Today the company is owned by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_%28writing_products%29 Sanford], a division of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newell_Rubbermaid Newell Rubbermaid] that also owns [[Waterman]].
[[Parker]] is one of the few American historical fountain pens brand remained continuously active to this day. ''The Parker Pen Company was founded by ''George Safford Parker'' in 1889 in Janesville, Wisconsin. Today the company is owned by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_%28writing_products%29 Sanford], a division of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newell_Rubbermaid Newell Rubbermaid] that also owns [[Waterman]].
Although the company always produced good quality fountain pens, [[Parker]] golden age goes from the '20s to '60s, when the company has distinguished itself for its great innovation capacity, obtaining always strong success. Thanks also to the creation of a vast network of branch offices (Canada, England, Denmark, France, Mexico, and Argentina), the company always maintained top rankings in worldwide sales of fountain pens, and was successful also in the ballpoint pen era. Together with [[Sheaffer]], [[Waterman]] and [[Wahl-Eversharp]] is a recognized member of the [[Big Four]].{{Infobox_Brand|Parker}}{{BrandData|Founder=George S. Parker|Date=1888|Place=Janesville, Wisconsin|Country=US}}
==History==
[[Image:Parker-Plant.jpg|thumb|[[Parker]] early plant]]
[[Image:Parker-Plant.jpg|thumb|[[Parker]] early plant]]
[[Parker]] was founded in Janesville in Wisconsin in [[1888]] by ''George Safford Parker'', which previously had operated as a reseller for the [[Holland|John Holland Pen Company]]. ''George Safford Parker'', who worked as a teacher of telegraphy, supplemented its income with the trade in fountain pens. Having to repair the pens that he sold, it began to improve their functioning, and because the pens he changed worked better than the original and had success, he decided to found his own company.
[[Image:Parker-Overlay-Eyedropper-LuckyCurve-Open.jpg|thumb|left|Early ''[[Lucky Curve]]'']]
[[Parker]] was foundend in Janesville in Wisconsin in 1889 by ''George Safford Parker'', which previously had operated as a reseller for the [[Holland|John Holland Pen Company]]. George Parker, who worked as a teacher of telegraphy, supplemented its income with the trade in fountian pens. Having to repair the pens that he sold, it began to improve their functioning, and because the pens he changed worked better than the original and had success, he decided to found his own company.
He obtained his first patent ({{Cite patent|US|416944}}) in [[1889]], and a subsequent patent ({{Cite patent|US|512319}}) in [[1894]] for his special ''[[Lucky Curve]]'' feeder, which went back inside the pen with a special curved shape that is claimed to be able to call back the excess ink when the pen was not in use. In [[1891]] ''George Parker'' associated with ''William F. Palmer'', an insurer and they incorporated ''The Parker Pen Company'' in Janesville.
In fact, the ''"[[Lucky Curve]]"'' was simply a good feeder, which remained in production until [[1928]], and was used as a trademark for a number of pens, but there are doubts that the curved form actually had the effect to avoid the accumulation of ink, because much repairers cutted it, because the curved part makes it difficult to reinsert it between the nib and section.
[[File:Parker-Snake-Silver-Capped.jpg|thumb|A rare [[Parker Snake]] ]]
In the early years [[Parker]] began manufacturing good quality hard rubber pens. In this period it was famous for her silver overlay pens, and in particular for the [[Parker Snake|Snake]] pen with a snake shaped [[overlay]], that is sought after by collectors for its rarity, and for the [[Black Giant]] pen, characterized by a very large size. Another distinction point for [[Parker]] pens was the creation of [[button filler]], introduced in [[1913]] as reaction to the creation of the [[lever filler]], which was never been used in the company's flagship models, despite is diffusion between all the competitors of that time.
In the early years [[Parker]] began manufacturing good quality ebonite pens. In this period it was famous for her silver overlay pens, and in particular for the [[Parker Snake|Snake]] pen with a snake shaped [[overlay]], that is sought after by collectors for its rarity, and for the [[Black Giant]] pen, characterized by a very large size. Another distinction point for [[Parker]] pens was the creation of [[button filler]], introduced in 1916 as reaction to the creation of the [[lever filler]], which was never been used in the company's flagship models, despite is diffusion between all the competitors of that time.
[[Image:1922-11-Parker-Duofold-RHR.jpg|thumb|left|[[Duofold]] advertisement from '20s.]]
[[Image:1922-11-Parker-Duofold-RHR.jpg|thumb|left|[[Duofold]] advertisement from '20s.]]
[[Parker]] continued to produce ebonite pens with good results, focusing on the functionality of his pens and on the benefits of the [[button filler]], but the real breakthrough came in 1921 with the launch of [[Duofold]], which was a huge success, by getting the company at the top of sales. The creation of a large pen, made of hard rubber of a bright red color, was a revolution in the foutain pen world until then dominated by the black color, and foreshadowed the introduction of the celluloid colors by several years.
[[Parker]] continued to produce hard rubber pens with good results, focusing on the functionality of his pens and on the benefits of the [[button filler]], but the real breakthrough came in [[1921]] with the launch of [[Duofold]], which was a huge success, by getting the company at the top of sales. The creation of a large pen, made of hard rubber of a bright red color, was a revolution in the fountain pen world until then dominated by the black color, and foreshadowed the introduction of the celluloid colors by several years.
The success of the [[Duofold]], despite its price (10 dollars) was high for the time, continued for over a decade in which the models were revised several times, adjusting the production to the introduction of new materials such as celluloid or the new ''[[Streamlined]]'' style with tapered models. In [[1923]] was opened a plant in Canada, and was introduced a [[Duofold|Lady Duofold]] model for women. In [[1926]] also the [[Parker]] began to move production from hard rubber to celluloid.
[[Image:Parker-Duofold-VestsPocket-Serie.jpg|thumb|All color for ''[[Vest pocket]]'' [[Duofold]].]]
[[Image:Parker-Duofold-VestsPocket-Serie.jpg|thumb|All color for ''[[Vest pocket]]'' [[Duofold]].]]
In [[1926]] was introduced an economic model, the [[Duofold|Parker DQ]], named such as ''Duofold Quality'' and at the end ofhe same year the company introduced also the [[Pastels]] models in pastel colors, as an alternative to the [[Duofold]] ladies models, sold at a lower price. But with the coming of Great Depression, the company was faced with a critical period.
In [[1929]] the profits that were enormous suffered a steep fall, many producers failed and others had to sell off their pens at low prices. [[Parker]], that taken years to establish its brand, decided not to devalue his pens, and kept prices high for the [[Duofold]], but in order to compete in [[1932]] introduced a range of economic models, school-type, for which they did no advertising. These models did not have a name and are usually indicated by collectors as [[Thrift Time]], or ''[[Parker depression pen|depression pen]]''.
[[Image:1941-09-Parker-Vacumatic-Major.jpg|thumb|A [[Vacumatic]] advertisement of 1941.]]
[[Image:1941-09-Parker-Vacumatic-Major.jpg|thumb|A [[Vacumatic]] advertisement of 1941.]]
[[Image:Vacumatic-Major-Clip.jpg|left|thumb|100px|The [[Vacumatic]] arrow clip]]
[[File:Parker-Vacumatic-3rdGen-Major-RingedBrown-Clip.jpg|left|thumb|100px|The [[Vacumatic]] arrow clip]]
The company, the had wisely piled stock in the good period, continued to invest in research, testing new materials and new filling systems, up to the realization, in 1933, of the wonderful [[Vacumatic]], with the arrow clip drawn from ''Joseph Platt'' (patent {{Cite patent|US|D088821}}, who has since then become the company symbol) with a transparent tank thanks to the [[Sistemi di caricamento#vacumatic|new filling system with the same name]]. The new pen reported the company at the top of the market.
In [[1939]], following a trend initiated by [[Sheaffer]] with his ''[[White dot]]'' and followed by other brands, also [[Parker]] adopted a symbol to indicate the lifetime warranty, putting in the head of their pens clips the ''[[Blue diamond]]'', a small diamond in blue enamel. Unlike what happened for other brands the symbol was introduced late and for a relatively short period, going to disappear after a few years.
[[Image:BlueDiamond.jpg|thumb|left|150px|The ''[[Blue diamond]]'' for lifetime warranty.]]
[[Image:BlueDiamond.jpg|thumb|left|150px|The ''[[Blue diamond]]'' for lifetime warranty.]]
Despite the commercial success and the good technical quality of its pens, the [[Parker]] continued to invest heavily in research and innovation, and in [[1941]] introduced a revolutionary model, the [[51]], between the first pens made of plastic (''[[Lucite]]'') with a characteristic [[hooded nib]], which is necessary for the use of a new quick drying ink (the ''[[Superchrome Ink]]''), which tended to degrade the celluloid. The pen, although could not be considered particularly beautiful, and despite being built in ordinary plastic, was a tremendous success, and is probably the most sold fountain model of all time.
The [[51]] had a number of changes in the following years, such as switching in [[1948]] to a new the filling system called ''[[aerometric]]'', the creation of different versions, including some luxury models in precious metals or with complex decorations for the metal cap. Some of these are extremely rare and highly sought after by collectors.
In the following years the [[Parker]] continued introducing of new models and new technologies as the unique capillary filler of the [[61]] model, or the realization of [[T1]] model in titanium. The company was active in the fountain pen market with luxury and economic models, and at the same time achieved great successes in the production of the new ballpoint pens.
The [[Parker]] is always remained active in the market, although since 1976 the company obtained more profit by the temporary employment agency Manpower than from the sale of pens. In 1993 the pen production division was acquired by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillette_Company Gillette Company], which already owned the Paper Mate. In 2000, Gillette gave the division the writing instruments [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newell_Rubbermaid Newell Rubbermaid], which already owned the [[Waterman]].
{{BrandChrono|Parker}}
{{ModelSynopsys}}
==External References==
==External references==
* [http://www.parkerpens.net] A website dedicated to [[Parker]], probably the best resource on the brand
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20091120220856/http://barnyard.syr.edu/~vefatica/pens.html] Vincent Fatica page, with interesting informations
* [http://www.penhero.com/PenGallery/Parker/Parker.htm] Parker chronology from Jim Mamoulides website
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Parker_Pen_Company] Wikipedia page on [[Parker]]
* [http://www.vacumania.com/] Seller website, some info on [[Vacumatic]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171219143146/http://www.rickconner.net/penspotters/parker.html] ''Penspotters'' page on [[Parker]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140415063123/http://www.rickconner.net/penoply/park.0.html] ''Penoply'' page on [[Parker]]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20090309234438/http://www.sovereign-publications.com/parkerpen.htm] An article on the brand
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T9hOhAXaFp4&feature=related] Historical film on '40s production
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080704183056/http://www.mkpens.co.uk/parker_duofold_profile.htm] A [[Duofold Aerometric]] profile
* [http://stylosparker.over-blog.com/] Collector website, nice photos
* [http://www.atquid.com/viewArticle.php?article_id=53&title=The_Parker_Pen_Company] An article on company history
* [http://www.parkerpen.com] Official website, just advertising
==Note==
<references/>
{{CategorizeBrand|U.S.A.}}