Parker/en

Parker is one of the few American historical fountain pens brand remained continuously active to this day. The Parker Pen Company was founded by George Safford Parker in 1888 in Janesville, Wisconsin. Today the company is owned by Sanford, a division of Newell Rubbermaid that also owns Waterman.

Although the company always produced good quality fountain pens, Parker golden age goes from the '20s to '60s, when the company has distinguished itself for its great innovation capacity, obtaining always strong success. Thanks also to the creation of a vast network of branch offices (Canada, England, Denmark, France, Mexico, and Argentina), the company always maintained top rankings in worldwide sales of fountain pens, and was successful also in the ballpoint pen era. Together with Sheaffer, Waterman and Wahl-Eversharp is a recognized member of the Big Four.

Parker early plant

Parker was foundend in Janesville in Wisconsin in 1888 by George Safford Parker, which previously had operated as a reseller for the John Holland Pen Company. George Parker, who worked as a teacher of telegraphy, supplemented its income with the trade in fountian pens. Having to repair the pens that he sold, it began to improve their functioning, and because the pens he changed worked better than the original and had success, he decided to found his own company.

Early Lucky Curve

He obtained his first patent (nº US-293545 ) in 1889, and a subsequent patent (nº US-512319 ) in 1894 for his special Lucky Curve feeder, which went back inside the pen with a special curved shape that is claimed to be able to call back the excess ink when the pen was not in use. In 1891 George Parker associated with W. F. Palmer, an insurer and they incorporated The Parker Pen Company in Janesville.

In fact, the "Lucky Curve" was simply a good feeder, which remained in production until 1928, and was used as a trademark for a number of pens, but there are doubts that the curved form actually had the effect to avoid the accumulation of ink, because much repairers cutted it, because the curved part makes it difficult to reinsert it between the nib and section.

File:Parker-Snake-Capped.jpg

A rare Parker Snake

In the early years Parker began manufacturing good quality hard rubber pens. In this period it was famous for her silver overlay pens, and in particular for the Snake pen with a snake shaped overlay, that is sought after by collectors for its rarity, and for the Black Giant pen, characterized by a very large size. Another distinction point for Parker pens was the creation of button filler, introduced in 1916 as reaction to the creation of the lever filler, which was never been used in the company's flagship models, despite is diffusion between all the competitors of that time.

Duofold advertisement from '20s.

Parker continued to produce hard rubber pens with good results, focusing on the functionality of his pens and on the benefits of the button filler, but the real breakthrough came in 1921 with the launch of Duofold, which was a huge success, by getting the company at the top of sales. The creation of a large pen, made ​​of hard rubber of a bright red color, was a revolution in the fountain pen world until then dominated by the black color, and foreshadowed the introduction of the celluloid colors by several years.

The success of the Duofold, despite its price (10 dollars) was high for the time, continued for over a decade in which the models were revised several times, adjusting the production to the introduction of new materials such as celluloid or the new Streamlined style with tapered models. In 1923 was opened a plant in Canada, and was introduced a Lady Duofold model for women. In 1926 also the Parker began to move production from hard rubber to celluloid.

All color for Vest pocket Duofold.

In 1926 was introduced an economic model, the Parker DQ, named such as Duofold Quality and at the end ofhe same year the company introduced also the Pastels models in pastel colors, as an alternative to the Duofold ladies models, sold at a lower price. But with the coming of Great Depression, the company was faced with a critical period.

In 1929 the profits that were enormous suffered a steep fall, many producers failed and others had to sell off their pens at low prices. Parker, that taken years to establish its brand, decided not to devalue his pens, and kept prices high for the Duofold, but in order to compete in 1932 introduced a range of economic models, school-type, for which they did no advertising. These models did not have a name and are usually indicated by collectors as Thrift Time, or depression pen.

A Vacumatic advertisement of 1941.

File:Vacumatic-Major-Clip.jpg

The Vacumatic arrow clip

The company, the had wisely piled stock in the good period, continued to invest in research, testing new materials and new filling systems, up to the realization, in 1933, of the wonderful Vacumatic, with the arrow clip drawn from Joseph Platt (who has since then become the company symbol) with a transparent tank thanks to the new filling system with the same name. The new pen reported the company at the top of the market.

In 1939 (or 1940), following a trend initiated by Sheaffer with his White dot and followed by other brands, also Parker adopted a symbol to indicate the lifetime warranty, puttin in the head of their pens clips the Blue diamond, a small diamond in blue enamel. Unlike what happened for other brands the symbol was introduced late and for a relatively short period, going to disappear after a few years.

The Blue diamond for lifetime warranty.

Despite the commercial success and the good technical quality of its pens, the Parker continued to invest heavily in research and innovation, and in 1941 introduced a revolutionary model, the 51, between the first pens made ​​of plastic (Lucite) with a characteristic hooded nib, which is necessary for the use of a new quick drying ink (the Superchrome Ink), which tended to degrade the celluloid. The pen, although could not be considered particularly beautiful, and despite being built in ordinary plastic, was a tremendous success, and is probably the most sold fountain model of all time.

The 51 had a number of changes in the following years, such as switching in 1948 to a new the filling system called aerometric, the creation of different versions, including some luxury models in precious metals or with complex decorations for the metal cap. Some of these are extremely rare and highly sought after by collectors.

In the following years the Parker continued introducing of new models and new technologies as the unique capillary filler of the 61 model, or the realization of T1 model in titanium. The company was active in the fountain pen market with luxury and economic models, and at the same time achieved great successes in the production of the new ballpoint pens.

The Parker remained active in the pens market, although since 1976 the company obtained more profit by the temporary employment agency Manpower than from the sale of pens. In 1993 the pen production division was acquired by Gillette Company, which already owned the Paper Mate. In 2000, Gillette gave the division the writing instruments Newell Rubbermaid, which already owned the Waterman.

Chronology

Year	Event
1889	Birth of Parker
1891	Parker becomes a corporation under the name The Parker Pen Company
1894	Obtained the patent for the Lucky Curve feeder (nº US-512319 )
1898	Patented the slip-on cap
1899	The Jointless Pen was patented (nº US-622256 )
1900	Introduced the Lucky Curve models with gold filigree overlay
1904	Introduced a first filling system whit compression of a rubber sac
1905	The spear-head feeder was patented (nº US-758930 )
1907	Created the Snake models in silver and gold
1911	Patented an improved Lucky Curve feeder (nº US-990288 )
1912	Introduced the Jack Knife model (with safety cap)
1913	Introduced a gold ring at the cap top for women's models
1913	Introduced the button filler
1914	Introdotti i modelli Black Giant and RedGiant models
1916	Patented the washer clip (nº US-1197224 )
1917	Produced Trench Pen on behalf of the Department of Defense for the soldiers
1920	Produced the first mechanical pencil
1921	Introduced the Duofold
1922	Added Lady and Junior models to Duofold line
1926	Introduced the Duofold (Unbreakable) celluloid models
1926	Introduced the Pastels models in galalite
1928	Introduced the Three-Fifty model, also known as True Blue
1930	Introduced the Duette Vest pocket model
1929	Introduced the Duofold Streamlined version
1929	Discontinued the True Blue model
1931	Introduced the Quink ink
1932	Introduced the Thrift Time series
1933	Introduced the Vacumatic model and the arrow clip
1933	Discontinued the Thrift Time series
1935	Introduced the Parkette line
1936	Introduced the Challenger model
1936	Introduced the Golden Web model
1937	Introduced the Speedline version of Vacumatic
1937	Introduced the Shadowave version of Vacumatic
1939	Introduced the Duofold Geometric model (also known as Toothbrush)
1939	Discontinued the Parkette and Challenger lines
1940	Introduced the Blue diamond as lifetime warranty (or 1939?)
1940	Introduced the Laidtone Duofold model, (also called striped)
1941	Introduced the 51 model e the 51 ink
1946	Introduced the Red band filler on 51
1947	Introduced the VS model, the 51 Demi and the new clip, discontinued the Red band filler
1948	Introduced the 21 model, the aerometric filler on 51 and the Superchrome Ink, discontinued the Vacumatic and Laidtone Duofold
1950	Introduced the 41 model
1951	Discontinued the 41 model and the date stamp on 51 produced in the U.S.
1953	Discontinued the date stamp on 51 produced outside the U.S.
1954	Introduced the Jotter ballpoint pen and marking Made in USA on 51 cap
1956	Introduced the 61 model and discontinued the Superchrome Ink
1960	Introduced the 45 model
1962	Introduced the VP model
1963	Introduced the 75 model
1970	Introduced the T1 model in titanium

Models

Model	Period	Dimension/Version
Duofold	1921-
51

External References

• http://www.parkerpens.org
• http://www.penhero.com/PenGallery/Parker/Parker.htm
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Parker_Pen_Company
• http://parkercollector.com/
• http://www.vacumania.com/
• http://www.rickconner.net/penspotters/parker.html
• http://www.rickconner.net/penoply/park.0.html
• http://www.sovereign-publications.com/parkerpen.htm
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T9hOhAXaFp4&feature=related
• http://www.parkerpen.com
• http://www.mkpens.co.uk/parker_duofold_profile.htm
• http://stylosparker.over-blog.com/
• http://www.atquid.com/viewArticle.php?article_id=53&title=The_Parker_Pen_Company
• http://barnyard.syr.edu/~vefatica/pens.html